DIRECT AND INDIRECT

FORMAL:

·         If the main verb of the sentence is in the past (e.g. said) the verb in the noun clause is usually also in the past from

·         When the main verb of the sentence is in the present (e.g. says) no change is made in the verb tense or modal in the noun clause.

o   Ex:

§  He says,” I work hard.” (direct)

§  He says that he works hard. (Indirect)

§  He says,” I’m working hard.” (Direct)

§  He says that he is working hard.

Notice the verb form changes in the example below!

Direct	Indirect
He said,” I work hard”	He said that he worked hard
He said,” I’m working hard.”	He said that he was working hard.
He said,” I have worked hard.”	He said that he had worked hard.
He said,” I worked hard.”	He said that he had worked hard.
He said,” I’m going to work hard.”	He said that he was going to work hard.
He said,” I will work hard”	He said that he would work hard.
He said,” I can work hard.”	He said that he could work hard.
He said,” I may work hard.”	He said that he might work hard.
He said,” I have to work hard.”	He said that he had to work hard.
He said,” He must work hard.”	He said that he had to work hard.
He said,” I should work hard.”	He said that he should work hard. (no change)
He said,” I ought to work hard.”	He said that he ought to work hard. (no change)

YES/NO QUESTION

                                  = SHE                                                                   = HE      

Direct	Indirect
He asked,” Do you have a pen?”	He asked If she had a pen.
He asked,” Did you bring dictionaries?”	He asked whether she had brought dictionaries.
He asked,” Has you cooked for dinner?”	He asked if she had cooked for dinner.
He asked,” Will we back here?”	He asked whether they would back there.
He asked,” are you sick?”	He asked if she was sick.
He asked,” are they coming to the class?”	He asked whether they were coming to the class.

WH QUESTION

Direct	Indirect
He asked,” What are you doing?”	He asked what she was doing.
He asked,” when will I get turn?”	He asked when he would get turn.
He asked,” where does she want to go?”	He asked where she wanted to go.
He asked,” How did you do that?”	He asked how she had done that.
He asked,” who has stolen the car?”	He asked who has stolen the car.
He asked,” why was you blaming on me?”	He asked why she had been blaming on him.

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

Direct	Indirect
Miss Nina commands,” Bring me that book!”	Miss Nina commands to bring her that book.
Asep ordered,” Take this!”	Asep ordered to take that.
Gilang said,”Do’n’t worry be happy!”	Gilang said not to worry be happy.
Sania commands,” Don’t touch me!	Sania commands not to touch her.
Guntur suggested ,”Let us do it”	Guntur suggested that we should do it.
Anggi suggested,” Let us pray together!”	Anggi suggested that we should pray together.

WHEN IT COMES TO ADVERB OF TIME

Direct	Indirect	Example
Now	then	Direct : Bintang said,” I go out of town now.” Indirect : Bintang said that he went out of town then.
Tomorrow	The following day	Direct : Bintang said,” I am going out of town tomorrow.” Indirect : Bintang said that he was going out of town the following day.
Next week	The following week	Direct : Bintang said,” I am going out of town next week.” Indirect : Bintang said that he was going out of town the following week.
Tonight	That night	Direct : Bintang said,” I am going out of town tonight.” Indirect : Bintang said that he was going out of town that night.
Today	That day	Direct : Bintang said,” I am going out of town today.” Indirect : Bintang said that he was going out of town that day.
yesterday	The day before	Direct : Bintang said,” I was going out of town yesterday.” Indirect : Bintang said that he had been going out of town the day before.
Last night	The night before	Direct : Bintang said,” I was going out of town last night.” Indirect : Bintang said that he was going out of town the night before
Last week	The week before	Direct : Bintang said,” I was going out of town last week.” Indirect : Bintang said that he was going out of town the week before
Here	There	Direct : Santo said,” I live here.” Indirect : Santo said that he lived there.
This	That	Direct : Nina said,” I like this hat.” Indirect : Nina said that she liked that hat
These	those	Direct : Maya said,” I will buy all these bags.” Indirect: Maya said that she would buy all those bags.